BJJ Graph

Bow and Arrow Choke

Oct 25, 202539 min read

LLM Context: Submission Data Structure

Purpose: The Bow and Arrow Choke is a gi-specific blood choke submission from back control that combines collar grips with leg extension to create a powerful strangling mechanism. Success results in immediate match victory. Safety is paramount - this technique combines rotational pressure with compression.

Setup Requirements Checklist:

  • Starting position: Back Control (S005) established with hooks
  • Position control quality: Dominant back control with seatbelt or collar grip
  • Required grips: Deep collar grip (4+ fingers deep), pants/belt grip on opposite side
  • Angle optimization: Body perpendicular to opponent, creating “bow and arrow” shape
  • Opponent vulnerability: One leg controlled, unable to turn into guard
  • Space elimination: Leg extended across hip prevents escape rotation
  • Timing recognition: Opponent defending other back attacks (RNC), leg exposed

Defense Awareness:

  • Early defense (choke setup <70% complete): 55% escape success - hand fight collar, prevent leg control
  • Hand fighting (collar established, leg not extended): 40% escape success - strip collar, tuck chin
  • Technical escape (leg extended but not full pressure): 30% escape success - hip rotation, explosively turn
  • Inevitable submission: 0% escape → TAP IMMEDIATELY when bow shape locked

Safety Q&A Patterns: Q: “How fast should pressure be applied?” A: “SLOW and progressive. Never extend leg explosively. Apply collar pressure and leg extension gradually over 3-5 seconds minimum. The combination of twisting and compression requires careful control.”

Q: “What are the tap signals?” A: “Verbal ‘tap’, physical tap with free hand on opponent/mat, physical tap with feet, any indication of distress. Partner should always have one hand free to tap.”

Q: “What if my partner doesn’t tap?” A: “STOP IMMEDIATELY if: partner goes unconscious, partner’s face changes color dramatically, partner makes gurgling sounds, partner’s body goes limp, or you feel/hear any neck sounds. Release and check safety.”

Q: “What are the injury risks?” A: “Loss of consciousness in 3-8 seconds if held. Neck strain from twisting pressure. Cervical spine stress from combined rotation and extension. Trachea damage if angle is wrong (air choke vs blood choke).”

Decision Tree for Execution:

IF back_control_secured AND opponent_defending_rnc AND leg_exposed:
    → Attempt bow and arrow setup (Success Rate: [skill_level]%)
ELIF collar_grip_deep AND leg_controlled AND angle_created:
    → Apply progressive pressure (3-5 seconds)
    → WATCH FOR TAP CONTINUOUSLY
ELIF tap_signal_received:
    → RELEASE IMMEDIATELY per protocol
    → Monitor partner consciousness
ELSE:
    → Maintain back control, threaten RNC, wait for leg exposure

⚠️ SAFETY NOTICE

This submission can cause LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS and NECK INJURY if applied improperly.

  • Injury Risks:
    • Loss of consciousness (3-8 seconds after full pressure)
    • Neck strain from combined twisting and compression
    • Cervical spine stress from leg extension force
    • Trachea damage if choke is too high (air choke vs blood choke)
    • Combined rotational and compression forces increase injury potential
  • Application Speed: SLOW and progressive. Never extend leg explosively. 3-5 seconds minimum from setup to tap.
  • Tap Signals: Verbal “tap”, physical tap with free hand/feet on opponent or mat
  • Release Protocol:
    1. Release collar grips immediately
    2. Release leg extension pressure (straighten your leg, remove pressure)
    3. Straighten opponent’s body (remove twisting)
    4. Check partner consciousness and breathing for 10-15 seconds
  • Training Requirement: Intermediate level with back control proficiency. Requires instructor supervision.
  • Never: Extend leg explosively or combine full collar pressure with full leg extension simultaneously in drilling

Remember: This technique combines twisting and compression forces on the neck. Your training partner trusts you with their cervical spine safety. Respect the tap immediately and apply pressure gradually.

Overview

The Bow and Arrow Choke is one of the most effective gi submissions in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, executed from back control by combining a deep collar grip with leg extension across the opponent’s body. The technique creates a “bow and arrow” shape where your body acts as the bow, your leg is the string, and your opponent’s body is bent backward like an arrow being drawn.

This blood choke works by using the gi collar to compress one carotid artery while your own body creates pressure on the other side of the neck. The leg extension across the opponent’s hip creates a powerful leveraging system that prevents escape while increasing the choking pressure through body rotation and extension.

From Back Control (S005), the bow and arrow is typically set up when defending the more common rear naked choke, causing opponents to defend their neck while inadvertently exposing their legs for control. The technique exemplifies positional dominance - once established, escape is extremely difficult.

The bow and arrow is particularly favored in gi competition because it’s nearly impossible to defend once locked, requires relatively low energy expenditure, and can be maintained for extended periods while maintaining back control.

Submission Properties

From Back Control (S005):

Success Rates:

  • Beginner: 35%
  • Intermediate: 55%
  • Advanced: 75%

Technical Characteristics:

  • Setup Complexity: Medium - requires back control maintenance, collar grip fighting, and leg control coordination
  • Execution Speed: Medium - 3-5 seconds from lock to tap in training
  • Escape Difficulty: High - very few escapes once leg is extended and collar is deep
  • Damage Potential: Medium - can cause unconsciousness, neck strain, cervical stress
  • Target Area: Carotid arteries (bilateral compression) and neck structure

Visual Finishing Sequence

With your right hand gripping deep in your opponent’s left collar (4+ fingers deep behind their neck), you control their right leg with your left hand gripping their pants or belt. Your right leg extends forcefully across their right hip, creating perpendicular body alignment. Your left leg hooks behind their left leg or posts on the mat for base.

Your body rotates perpendicular to your opponent, creating the “bow and arrow” shape. As you extend your right leg and pull the collar with your right hand, your opponent’s body bends backward. The collar tightens across their right carotid artery while your torso compresses their left carotid.

Your opponent experiences rapidly increasing pressure on both sides of their neck. Their face may change color. They recognize the submission is inevitable - the combination of leg extension and collar pressure is locked. They tap repeatedly on your leg or arm. You immediately release the collar grip and leg extension pressure, straightening their body and checking consciousness.

Body Positioning:

  • Your position: On your back or side, perpendicular to opponent, right leg extended across their hip, left leg posting for base, right arm pulling collar, left arm controlling their leg
  • Opponent’s position: On their right side, back exposed, body bent backward in bow shape, left leg controlled, right side of neck compressed by collar, left side compressed by your torso
  • Key pressure points: Right carotid artery compressed by gi collar, left carotid compressed by your body/ribs, neck structure stressed by twisting
  • Leverage creation: Leg extension provides massive leverage multiplier - small collar pull + leg extension = overwhelming choking pressure

Setup Requirements

Conditions that must be satisfied before attempting:

  1. Position Establishment: Back Control (S005) established with both hooks in, seatbelt or collar control secured

  2. Control Points:

    • Both hooks actively controlling opponent’s hips
    • Seatbelt grip or one collar grip established
    • Chest tight to opponent’s back
    • Head positioned to side of opponent’s head
    • Balance maintained (opponent can’t roll you over)

  3. Angle Creation:

    • Ability to rotate body perpendicular to opponent
    • Space to extend leg across opponent’s hip
    • Hip mobility to create bow shape
    • Balance on posting leg while extending choking-side leg

  4. Grip Acquisition:

    • Deep collar grip (right hand, left collar) - 4+ fingers deep
    • Opponent’s leg controlled (pants, belt, or ankle grip)
    • Collar grip inside opponent’s defending hands
    • Sufficient slack in gi collar for deep grip

  5. Space Elimination:

    • Extended leg prevents opponent’s hip rotation
    • Collar grip prevents head escape
    • Hook prevents opponent turning into guard
    • Body perpendicular position eliminates escape angles

  6. Timing Recognition:

    • Opponent defending rear naked choke (hands up protecting neck)
    • Opponent’s leg exposed while defending upper body attacks
    • Opponent tired from defending multiple back attacks
    • Collar grip available (gi stretched from previous attacks)

  7. Safety Verification:

    • Partner aware of tap signals
    • Partner’s free hand available to tap
    • Clear communication established
    • Verbal tap agreed upon as backup

Position Quality Required: Back control must be dominant with opponent unable to turn into guard. If opponent can easily rotate hips or escape hooks, bow and arrow setup will fail.

Execution Steps

SAFETY REMINDER: Apply pressure SLOWLY over 3-5 seconds. Never extend leg explosively. Watch for tap signals continuously.

Step-by-Step Execution

  1. Initial Grip (Setup Phase)

    • From back control with seatbelt, release choking hand
    • Feed right hand deep into opponent’s left collar (4+ fingers behind neck)
    • Establish grip 4-6 inches deep - collar should be gripped near opponent’s left shoulder
    • Safety check: Ensure partner has one hand free to tap

  2. Leg Control (Isolation Phase)

    • Maintain back control with hooks and chest pressure
    • Reach left hand down to control opponent’s right leg (pants/belt/ankle)
    • Pull opponent’s leg up slightly to prevent posting
    • Keep right collar grip tight throughout
    • Partner check: Confirm partner can still tap with free hand

  3. Angle Creation (Rotation Phase)

    • Begin rotating your body perpendicular to opponent
    • Remove your right hook and prepare to extend leg across opponent’s hip
    • Keep left hook in as anchor point
    • Pull opponent’s controlled leg toward you with left hand
    • Start forming the “bow shape” with your body

  4. Leg Extension Initiation (Entry Phase)

    • Extend right leg across opponent’s right hip
    • Straighten leg progressively (not explosively)
    • Your right foot should be near opponent’s left hip or beyond
    • Speed: SLOW progressive extension over 2-3 seconds
    • Watch for: Partner’s color, breathing, tap signals

  5. Progressive Tightening (Execution Phase)

    • Pull collar with right hand while extending right leg
    • Combine pulling and extending motions gradually over 3-5 seconds
    • Rotate body more perpendicular, creating deeper bow shape
    • Your ribs/torso press against left side of opponent’s neck
    • Monitor: Partner’s face color, consciousness, tap signals
    • Maintain: Balance on left leg posting

  6. Final Adjustment (Completion Phase)

    • Micro-adjust collar grip angle for maximum pressure
    • Ensure collar crosses opponent’s right carotid artery
    • Full leg extension creating maximum bow shape
    • Your body weight creates pressure on their left carotid
    • Critical: WATCH FOR TAP continuously - unconsciousness possible in 3-8 seconds

  7. Submission Recognition & Release (Finish/Safety Phase)

    • FEEL FOR TAP: Hand tapping your leg/arm, foot tapping mat, verbal “tap”
    • RELEASE IMMEDIATELY:
      • Let go of collar grip instantly (right hand releases)
      • Release leg extension (stop pushing with right leg)
      • Straighten opponent’s body (remove twisting pressure)
      • Release leg control (left hand lets go)
    • Move to side position or back control
    • Post-submission: Monitor partner for consciousness (10-15 seconds), ask “you good?”, check for neck pain, ensure normal breathing

Total Execution Time in Training: Minimum 3-5 seconds from leg extension to tap. In drilling, apply even slower (7-10 seconds) to develop sensitivity to the submission’s tightness.

Anatomical Targeting & Injury Awareness

Primary Target

  • Anatomical Structure: Bilateral carotid arteries (common carotid, internal carotid on both sides)
  • Pressure Direction: Collar creates inward/lateral pressure on right carotid; your torso/ribs create pressure on left carotid; twisting motion increases compression
  • Physiological Response: Reduced blood flow to brain → lightheadedness → loss of consciousness (3-8 seconds)

Secondary Effects

  • Cervical Spine: Rotational and extension forces stress neck vertebrae (C1-C7)
  • Trachea: If collar is too high, may compress windpipe (air choke - less ideal, more dangerous)
  • Leg/Hip: Opponent’s controlled leg may experience hip flexor strain if extended too far
  • Neck Muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles under stress from twisting

INJURY RISKS & PREVENTION

Potential Injuries:

  • Loss of Consciousness: If held 3-8 seconds after full pressure, partner will go unconscious. Brain damage can occur if held significantly longer. RELEASE IMMEDIATELY upon tap.
  • Neck Strain: Combined twisting and compression can strain cervical muscles and ligaments. Recovery: days to weeks depending on severity. Caused by explosive leg extension or holding too long.
  • Cervical Spine Stress: Rotation + extension creates stress on neck vertebrae. Rarely serious but can cause neck pain. Prevent by progressive pressure, never explosive extension.
  • Trachea Damage: If collar is too high on neck (air choke), can damage windpipe. Ensure collar is low on neck, targeting carotid arteries, not trachea.
  • Gi Burn: Rapid collar pulling can cause friction burns on neck. Apply progressively, not explosively.

Prevention Measures:

  • Apply pressure SLOWLY and progressively (3-5 seconds minimum)
  • Never extend leg explosively - gradual extension only
  • Ensure collar is deep (low on neck, not high near jaw)
  • Watch partner’s face/color continuously during application
  • Stop at ANY sign of distress (color change, eyes closing, body going limp)
  • Verbal check-ins during drilling: “Pressure okay?” “Feel that?”
  • Release immediately upon ANY tap signal
  • After release, check partner for neck pain, consciousness, normal breathing

Warning Signs to Stop IMMEDIATELY:

  • Partner unable to tap (very rare with bow and arrow - usually one hand free)
  • Partner’s face color changes dramatically (redness → purple)
  • Partner’s eyes close or roll back
  • Partner’s body goes limp
  • Partner makes gurgling or choking sounds
  • ANY sound from partner’s neck (cracking, popping)
  • ANY uncertainty about partner’s consciousness
  • Partner doesn’t respond to verbal check
  • Your instinct says something is wrong - TRUST IT

Opponent Defense Patterns

Common Escape Attempts

Defensive responses with success rates and safety windows:

Early Defense (Submission <70% complete - during grip fighting phase)

  • Bow and Arrow Defense - Collar Strip → Back Control Maintained (Success Rate: 55%, Window: 3-4 seconds)
  • Defender action: Strip collar grip with both hands before leg is controlled, maintain defensive hand position
  • Attacker response: Threaten rear naked choke, switch to opposite side collar, chain to other submissions
  • Safety note: Best time to defend - submission not locked yet, no pressure applied

Hand Fighting (Collar gripped deep, leg not controlled yet)

  • Bow and Arrow Defense - Leg Prevention → Back Escape Attempt (Success Rate: 40%, Window: 2-3 seconds)
  • Defender action: Keep legs heavy, prevent leg control, work to escape back control entirely
  • Attacker response: Use collar grip to break posture, threaten RNC, isolate leg when defender’s hands are high
  • Safety note: Window exists but closing - once leg is controlled, escape becomes very difficult

Technical Escape (Leg controlled but not fully extended)

  • Bow and Arrow Escape - Hip Explosion → Side Control To Mount (Success Rate: 30%, Window: 1-2 seconds)
  • Defender action: Explosive hip rotation toward attacker, try to face attacker before leg extends fully
  • Attacker response: Extend leg immediately, increase collar pressure, maintain perpendicular angle
  • Safety critical: Last moment to escape - if leg extends fully and bow shape is created, must tap

Desperate Defense (Leg extended, bow shape forming)

  • Bow and Arrow Escape - Posture Fight → Minimal success (Success Rate: 15%, Window: <1 second)
  • Defender action: Try to tuck chin, strip collar with both hands while turning into attacker
  • Attacker response: Full pressure application, maintain angle and extension
  • Safety critical: Very low success rate - better to tap and learn than risk injury

Inevitable Submission (Full bow shape, deep collar, extended leg)

  • Tap Out → Terminal State (Success Rate: 0% escape)
  • Defender must: TAP IMMEDIATELY - multiple taps on leg/arm/mat, or verbal “tap”
  • Attacker must: RELEASE IMMEDIATELY upon feeling/hearing tap
  • Safety principle: NO SHAME IN TAPPING - unconsciousness occurs in 3-8 seconds, neck injury risk is real

Defensive Decision Logic

If [collar grip attempt] but [not yet deep]:
- Execute [[Collar Strip Defense]] (Success Rate: 55%)
- Window: 3-4 seconds to prevent deep grip
- Action: Two-hand collar strip, protect neck, work to escape back

Else if [collar gripped deep] but [leg not controlled]:
- Execute [[Leg Prevention Defense]] (Success Rate: 40%)
- Window: 2-3 seconds before leg isolation
- Action: Keep legs heavy, prevent leg grab, work to turn into attacker
- URGENCY: Window closing fast

Else if [leg controlled] but [not extended]:
- Execute [[Hip Explosion Escape]] (Success Rate: 30%)
- Window: 1-2 seconds before full extension
- Action: Explosive hip turn toward attacker
- HIGH URGENCY: Last viable escape window

Else if [leg extended] AND [bow shape forming]:
- Execute [[Tap Out]] (Immediate)
- Window: 3-8 seconds before unconscious
- CRITICAL: Tap multiple times clearly with hand/foot, or verbal "tap"
- NO SHAME: Preserve safety and consciousness

Else [any sign of consciousness loss]:
- Partner should: Release immediately even without tap
- Defender: May not be able to tap if unconscious
- TRAINING CULTURE: Stop if partner's color changes or body goes limp

Resistance Patterns & Safety Considerations

  • Strength-Based Resistance: Using power to resist collar grip or leg extension

    • Safety concern: Increases neck stress dramatically, higher injury risk from fighting the twist
    • Better option: Technical escape in early phase or immediate tap
    • Reality: Strength won’t overcome proper bow and arrow mechanics once locked

  • Technical Counter: Early collar strip or hip rotation escape

    • Must be executed in early window (before leg is extended)
    • If late, attempting counter can accelerate unconsciousness or neck injury
    • If counter fails once, tap immediately

  • Positional Adjustment: Trying to change angle by turning into attacker

    • Safest defensive approach when collar is gripped but leg not extended
    • Requires explosive hip movement and timing
    • If attacker extends leg during your turn, creates dangerous neck torque - tap immediately

  • Tucking Chin: Attempting to protect neck with chin tuck

    • Minimally effective against bow and arrow (pressure is on sides of neck, not front)
    • May delay submission briefly but doesn’t prevent it
    • Can increase trachea pressure if collar is too high - dangerous

CRITICAL TRAINING CULTURE NOTE: In training, if you see your partner’s face color changing dramatically or body going limp, RELEASE IMMEDIATELY even if you haven’t felt a tap. The bow and arrow can cause rapid unconsciousness. Your partner’s safety is more important than “getting the tap.” This is the mark of a respected training partner.

Training Progressions & Safety Protocols

Safe learning pathway emphasizing control before completion:

Phase 1: Technical Understanding (Week 1-2)

  • Study bow and arrow mechanics without partner
  • Watch instructional videos from multiple angles
  • Understand blood choke mechanism and neck anatomy
  • Learn specific injury risks (consciousness loss, neck strain, cervical stress)
  • Study and memorize tap signals
  • Practice collar grip and leg control motion solo
  • Practice release protocol without pressure
  • No live application yet
  • Quiz yourself: Where are carotid arteries? How long until unconsciousness?

Phase 2: Slow Practice (Week 3-4)

  • Controlled application with willing partner
  • Partner provides ZERO resistance
  • Focus: Collar grip depth, leg control, angle creation only
  • Speed: EXTRA SLOW (10+ seconds per repetition)
  • Partner gives “tap” at 20-30% pressure (light collar tension only)
  • Practice release protocol every single repetition
  • Never extend leg fully in this phase - partial extension only
  • Verbal communication: “Feel pressure?” “Too much?” “Neck okay?”
  • Instructor supervision required for first 15-20 repetitions
  • Goal: Build muscle memory for positioning, not finishing

Phase 3: Progressive Resistance (Week 5-8)

  • Partner provides mild resistance to grip fighting
  • Practice reading defensive cues (collar strips, leg defenses)
  • Speed: SLOW (7-10 seconds per rep from setup to tap)
  • Partner taps at 40-50% pressure
  • Begin extending leg more (but still not full extension in drilling)
  • Develop sensitivity to bow shape formation
  • Emphasize control over completion
  • Practice recognizing when angle is correct
  • Practice: If partner doesn’t tap at 50%, release and reset
  • Goal: Learn setup against defense, maintain safety standards

Phase 4: Timing Development (Week 9-12)

  • Partner provides realistic but not full resistance
  • Recognize optimal opportunities (defending RNC, leg exposed)
  • Speed: MODERATE (5-7 seconds from setup to tap)
  • Partner taps at 60-70% pressure
  • Learn to transition from other back attacks (RNC, armbar from back)
  • Safety maintained as priority
  • Start recognizing “point of no return” feel
  • Practice: Still release and reset if anything feels unsafe
  • Goal: Develop timing sense while maintaining control

Phase 5: Safety Integration (Week 13-16)

  • Light rolling integration (50-70% intensity)
  • Proper tap recognition ingrained as reflex
  • Speed: Controlled in training (3-5 seconds minimum)
  • Partner taps at 70-80% pressure
  • Competition speed ONLY in competition
  • Respect partner safety absolutely
  • Develop reputation as safe training partner
  • Practice: Immediate release is automatic response to tap
  • Sensitivity: Recognize unconsciousness signs independently of tap
  • Goal: Safe application becomes default, not something you think about

Phase 6: Live Application (Ongoing - 4+ months experience)

  • Full sparring integration with safety emphasis
  • Read situations for bow and arrow opportunities
  • Apply at appropriate speed for context (training vs competition)
  • Never sacrifice partner safety for “getting the tap”
  • Continue refining control and sensitivity
  • Mentor newer students on safety protocols
  • Practice: You can finish training partners - you choose not to
  • Goal: Mastery means control + safety + effectiveness

CRITICAL: Progress through phases only when previous phase is mastered. The bow and arrow combines rotational and compression forces on the neck - this requires extra respect and caution. Rushing progression increases injury risk significantly.

Training Partner Trust Scale:

  • Weeks 1-4: Partner must trust you not to extend leg fully
  • Weeks 5-12: Partner must trust you to apply gradually
  • Weeks 13+: Partner must trust you to release immediately
  • 6+ months: Partner rolls freely because your safety is proven
  • 1+ year: Newer students ask to drill with you because you’re safe

Expert Insights

John Danaher Perspective

“The bow and arrow choke is perhaps the most mechanically sophisticated submission from back control because it leverages the entire body to create choking pressure rather than relying primarily on arm strength. The key detail is the perpendicular angle - when executed correctly, your body and your opponent’s body form a perfect 90-degree angle, which maximizes the collar’s compression on one carotid while your own torso compresses the other. The leg extension across their hip serves two purposes: first, it prevents them from rotating into you to escape, and second, it creates a leveraging system that multiplies the force of your collar pull. When the angle is correct and the collar grip is sufficiently deep - ideally four to six inches behind the neck - the submission becomes inevitable with minimal effort. In training, your goal is to achieve this configuration with absolute precision. The finish happens as a natural consequence of correct positioning. Release immediately upon tap - there is no educational value in maintaining pressure after your partner has submitted.”

Key Technical Detail: The 90-degree perpendicular angle is what transforms a tight collar grip into an inevitable submission

Safety Emphasis: Danaher’s systematic approach emphasizes angle perfection and body mechanics over force. Students learn the submission is inevitable from correct position - no need to rush.

Gordon Ryan Perspective

“The bow and arrow is one of my highest percentage submissions because once it’s locked, there’s essentially no escape. In competition, I can finish it in maybe 2-3 seconds from the moment I extend my leg. In training, I finish it in 5-7 seconds. The setup is everything - you need to make them defend the rear naked choke first, which gets their hands up high, then when you switch to the bow and arrow, their leg is exposed and they’re already behind on the defense. The collar grip needs to be deep - I’m talking your whole hand should be buried in that collar. Don’t try to force it if the grip isn’t deep enough, you’ll just waste energy. When I get the bow and arrow locked, I know it’s over. My training partners know it too - they tap as soon as they feel that leg start to extend because they know I have the angle. That’s smart training. In competition, people try to tough it out sometimes, which is stupid because you’re just going to go unconscious. Learn to recognize when it’s locked and tap. Your neck will thank you.”

Competition Application: Ryan’s success comes from setup mastery (threaten RNC first) and perfect angle recognition

Training Modification: Competition intensity in competition, training intensity in training. The bow and arrow is one submission where the finish happens quickly - respect that in training.

Eddie Bravo Perspective

“The bow and arrow is old school jiu-jitsu but it’s still incredibly effective in the gi game. We don’t use it as much in 10th Planet because we’re no-gi focused, but when my students compete in gi, this is one of the first back attacks I want them to master. The beautiful thing about the bow and arrow is it’s actually pretty low risk for the attacker - you maintain back control throughout, and even if they defend it, you’re still on their back. I teach my students to think of it as a chain - threaten the RNC, they defend high, grab the collar, they defend the collar, grab their leg, extend, tap. Each step opens the next one. Safety-wise, this is one where you really need to be careful about that leg extension. I’ve seen people extend that leg like they’re trying to kick through a door - that’s dangerous as hell. It should be a smooth, progressive extension. Your partner’s neck is twisted and compressed at the same time, so you need to give them time to recognize the submission and tap. Be smooth, be technical, and respect the tap. My rule is: if you hurt a training partner with a bow and arrow because you were too aggressive with that leg extension, you’re going to be sitting out for a while. We don’t tolerate that.”

Innovation Focus: Chain attack philosophy - each defense opens next attack opportunity

Safety Non-Negotiable: Bravo’s culture emphasizes smooth, controlled leg extension. Explosive leg extension is not tolerated.

Common Errors

Technical Errors

Error 1: Insufficient Collar Grip Depth

  • Mistake: Gripping collar with only 1-2 fingers, or gripping too close to opponent’s jaw
  • Why it fails: Shallow grip allows opponent to strip collar easily, reduces choking pressure significantly
  • Correction: 4+ fingers deep behind neck, grip near opponent’s left shoulder blade, collar should be gathered deep
  • Safety impact: Shallow grips cause practitioners to over-compensate with explosive leg extension

Error 2: Leg Extended Before Collar Secured

  • Mistake: Extending leg across hip before establishing deep collar grip
  • Why it fails: Opponent can strip collar while dealing with leg, escape becomes easier, energy wasted
  • Correction: Sequence is critical - collar grip first, leg control second, leg extension third
  • Safety impact: Rushing sequence leads to forced submissions and potential injury

Error 3: Parallel Body Angle Instead of Perpendicular

  • Mistake: Staying parallel to opponent instead of rotating body 90 degrees
  • Why it fails: Parallel angle doesn’t create proper bow shape, reduces choking pressure dramatically
  • Correction: Rotate body perpendicular to opponent, creating clear 90-degree angle
  • Safety impact: Poor angle causes practitioners to compensate with excessive force

Error 4: Wrong Leg Extended

  • Mistake: Extending left leg when right leg should extend (or vice versa)
  • Why it fails: Wrong leg doesn’t create proper bow shape, reduces pressure, easier to escape
  • Correction: Extend the leg on the same side as your choking hand (right hand collar = right leg extends)
  • Safety impact: Confusion leads to awkward positions and forced attempts

Error 5: No Base on Posting Leg

  • Mistake: Both legs off the ground, no base for balance
  • Why it fails: Opponent can roll you over, sweep you, or escape position entirely
  • Correction: Keep one leg (non-extending leg) posted on mat or hooked for base
  • Safety impact: Loss of balance leads to wild scrambles and uncontrolled pressure

SAFETY ERRORS (CRITICAL)

DANGER: Explosive Leg Extension

  • Mistake: Extending leg suddenly and forcefully like a kick
  • Why dangerous: Combines explosive rotational force with compression on neck - no time for partner to tap safely
  • Injury risk: NECK STRAIN, cervical spine stress, rapid unconsciousness
  • Correction: Extend leg progressively over 2-3 seconds, smooth motion, not explosive
  • This is the most common cause of bow and arrow injuries

DANGER: Ignoring Tap Signals

  • Mistake: Continuing leg extension and collar pressure after feeling tap
  • Why dangerous: Bow and arrow causes unconsciousness very rapidly once full pressure is achieved
  • Injury risk: Unnecessary unconsciousness, neck injury, COMPLETE BREACH OF TRUST
  • Correction: RELEASE IMMEDIATELY upon ANY tap signal - hand tap, foot tap, verbal tap
  • This is the most serious error in BJJ

DANGER: High Collar Placement (Air Choke)

  • Mistake: Gripping collar too high (near jaw) instead of low (near shoulder)
  • Why dangerous: Creates air choke on trachea instead of blood choke on carotids
  • Injury risk: Trachea damage, windpipe injury, takes longer to work (more time under dangerous pressure)
  • Correction: Collar grip must be LOW on neck, 4+ inches deep, targeting sides of neck not front
  • High collar placement is more dangerous and less effective

DANGER: Competition Speed in Drilling

  • Mistake: Applying bow and arrow at competition speed (2-3 second finish) during drilling or light rolling
  • Why dangerous: Partner not defending at full intensity, can’t protect themselves, no time to tap safely
  • Injury risk: Unconsciousness, neck strain, breach of training agreement
  • Correction: Match speed to context - drilling is slow (7-10 seconds), light rolling is moderate (5-7 seconds)
  • Save competition speed for competition

DANGER: Holding Bow Shape After Tap

  • Mistake: Maintaining leg extension and collar grip even briefly after tap
  • Why dangerous: Bow and arrow combines rotational and compression forces - damage accumulates rapidly
  • Injury risk: Neck strain from continued twisting, extended unconsciousness
  • Correction: Immediately release collar AND leg extension as soon as tap is felt
  • Release both components simultaneously

DANGER: Not Monitoring Partner During Application

  • Mistake: Looking away, closing eyes, or not watching partner’s face/body during application
  • Why dangerous: Miss critical signs of consciousness loss (color change, eyes rolling, body going limp)
  • Injury risk: Delayed recognition of unconsciousness, extended pressure without tap
  • Correction: WATCH your partner’s face continuously; look for color change, eye position, consciousness
  • Your responsibility includes monitoring for signs partner can’t tap

DANGER: Over-Rotation of Opponent’s Neck

  • Mistake: Creating excessive twisting angle (more than 90 degrees) by over-rotating body
  • Why dangerous: Cervical spine has limited rotation tolerance - excessive rotation risks vertebrae injury
  • Injury risk: Cervical spine stress, muscle tears, vertebrae strain
  • Correction: 90-degree angle is sufficient - more rotation doesn’t increase effectiveness, only injury risk
  • 90 degrees is maximum safe angle

Variations & Setups

Primary Setup (Most Common)

From Back Control:

  • Establish back control with both hooks and seatbelt grip
  • Threaten rear naked choke with choking hand
  • When opponent raises hands to defend neck, release seatbelt
  • Feed choking hand (right hand) deep into opponent’s left collar
  • Control opponent’s right leg with left hand (pants/belt)
  • Rotate body perpendicular while extending right leg across their hip
  • Success rate: Beginner 35%, Intermediate 55%, Advanced 75%
  • Setup time: 3-4 seconds for setup, 3-5 seconds for finish
  • Safety considerations: Most common entry, ensure gradual leg extension

Alternative Setup 1: Turtle to Back to Bow and Arrow

From Turtle Position (opponent in turtle):

  • Take back from turtle with one hook in
  • Immediately secure collar grip while opponent defends
  • As you secure second hook, maintain collar grip
  • Opponent focuses on defending hooks, leg becomes exposed
  • Control leg and execute bow and arrow
  • Best for: When taking back from turtle and opponent defends RNC immediately
  • Safety notes: Fast transition, ensure collar is deep before leg extension

Alternative Setup 2: Failed RNC to Bow and Arrow

From Back Control:

  • Attempt rear naked choke
  • Opponent successfully defends by tucking chin, fighting hands
  • Maintain back control, transition choking arm to collar grip
  • Opponent’s leg often exposed during RNC defense
  • Control leg and execute bow and arrow
  • Best for: When RNC is defended but back control is maintained
  • Safety notes: Collar grip already fighting through, ensure it’s deep enough

Alternative Setup 3: Opposite Side Bow and Arrow

From Back Control:

  • Establish left hand collar grip (right side collar)
  • Control opponent’s left leg with right hand
  • Extend left leg across opponent’s left hip
  • Mirror image of standard bow and arrow
  • Best for: When collar is more accessible on opposite side
  • Safety notes: Same mechanics, opposite side execution

Chain Combinations

After failed Rear Naked Choke:

  • Opponent defends RNC by tucking chin and fighting hands
  • Transition choking arm to collar grip (already past their defenses)
  • While opponent’s hands are high defending neck, grab exposed leg
  • Execute bow and arrow while opponent is focused on neck defense
  • Transition cue: Feel opponent’s hand fight stopping RNC
  • Safety: Collar should already be fighting through defenses, confirm depth

After failed Armbar from Back:

  • Attempt armbar from back, opponent defends by pulling arm out
  • Return to back control with collar grip already established
  • Opponent’s leg often exposed during armbar defense
  • Execute bow and arrow with collar grip advantage
  • Decision point: When armbar defense succeeds, switch to bow and arrow
  • Safety: Smooth transition maintains control, don’t rush finish

Gi vs No-Gi Modifications

Gi Version (standard):

  • Grips: Deep collar grip (4+ fingers), pants or belt grip on leg
  • Advantages: Collar provides reliable choking mechanism, gi grips very secure
  • Mechanics: As described in main technique
  • Safety: Gi grips very strong - extra important to apply progressive pressure

No-Gi Version (modified, less common):

  • Grips: Hand behind neck (gable or S-grip), underhook on leg
  • Modifications: Much more difficult without collar - relies more on arm pressure
  • Less effective: Without collar leverage, much easier to defend
  • Alternative: In no-gi, rear naked choke is strongly preferred over bow and arrow
  • Safety: No-gi version has less control - if attempting, extra caution on neck pressure

Note: The bow and arrow is fundamentally a gi submission. The no-gi version exists but is rarely used at high levels because the rear naked choke is more effective without the collar.

Mechanical Principles

Leverage Systems

  • Fulcrum: Opponent’s right hip where your leg extends across
  • Effort Arm: Your extended leg (right leg) + collar-pulling arm (right arm) create combined force
  • Resistance Arm: Opponent’s neck structure and their attempt to turn into you
  • Mechanical Advantage: Extended leg provides massive leverage - 6-foot leg extension = 200+ lbs of force against neck
  • Efficiency: Body weight + leg extension create choking pressure with minimal arm strength required

Pressure Distribution

  • Primary Pressure Points: Right carotid artery (collar compression), Left carotid artery (torso compression)
  • Force Vector: Collar pulls laterally and slightly back, body presses forward/left, leg extends creating twisting and bending
  • Pressure Type: Bilateral compression + rotational twisting
  • Progressive Loading: Initial collar grip (10%), leg control (30%), leg extension beginning (50%), full extension (100%)
  • Threshold: ~15-20 lbs of sustained pressure on carotid arteries causes unconsciousness in 3-8 seconds

Structural Weakness

  • Why It Works: Carotid arteries are vulnerable surface vessels accessible from multiple angles; twisting + compression is nearly impossible to defend
  • Body’s Response: Baroreceptors in carotid detect pressure → brain stem reduces blood pressure → oxygen to brain → loss of consciousness
  • Damage Mechanism: Continued pressure after tap/unconsciousness → brain damage (10-20 seconds minor, 30+ seconds serious, 3-5 minutes potentially fatal)
  • Protection Limits: Body has no effective defense against proper bow and arrow - neck can’t resist combined rotation and compression

Timing Elements

  • Setup Window: 3-5 seconds to establish collar grip and control leg before opponent defends
  • Application Phase: 3-5 seconds from leg extension to tap in training (2-3 seconds in competition)
  • Escape Windows:
    • Pre-collar grip: 4-5 seconds (55% escape rate)
    • Post-collar, pre-leg extension: 2-3 seconds (40% escape rate)
    • Post-leg extension, pre-full bow: 1-2 seconds (30% escape rate)
    • Full bow shape: <1 second (near 0% escape rate)
  • Point of No Return: When leg is fully extended and body is perpendicular - no escape exists, tap required
  • Unconsciousness Timeline: 3-8 seconds from full pressure application to unconsciousness
  • Tap Recognition: Attacker must respond to tap within 0.5-1 second to prevent unnecessary pressure

Progressive Loading (Safety Critical)

This is the most important mechanical principle for safety:

  • Initial Contact (0-10% pressure):

    • Collar gripped deep, no pulling yet
    • Leg controlled but not extended
    • Light contact only, no constriction
    • Partner feels setup but no pressure
    • Time: 1-2 seconds

  • Early Phase (10-30% pressure):

    • Begin pulling collar gently
    • Begin extending leg slowly across hip
    • Partner feels pressure beginning, still comfortable
    • Easy escape still possible with technique
    • Time: 1-2 seconds

  • Middle Phase (30-60% pressure):

    • Increased collar pull and leg extension
    • Bow shape beginning to form
    • Partner feels significant pressure on neck
    • Blood flow beginning to reduce
    • Escape very difficult, decision point for tap
    • Time: 1-2 seconds

  • Completion Phase (60-100% pressure):

    • Full collar pull and full leg extension
    • Complete bow shape formed (90-degree angle)
    • Partner should tap or will go unconscious
    • Blood flow significantly restricted
    • 3-8 seconds until unconsciousness
    • Time: 1-3 seconds

  • Training Protocol:

    • In drilling: Stop at 40-50% pressure, partner taps
    • In light rolling: Stop at 60-70% pressure, partner taps
    • In competition rolling: Continue to 90-100%, partner taps or goes unconscious

  • Competition Protocol:

    • Continue to 100% pressure
    • Release upon tap signal
    • If partner doesn’t tap, continue to unconsciousness (referee stops)

CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING: The bow and arrow combines rotational and compression forces. This means pressure accumulates faster than single-direction submissions. In training, never exceed 70% pressure. Your training partners trust you to stop there.

Knowledge Assessment

Test understanding before live application. Minimum 5/6 correct required.

Question 1: Setup Recognition (Safety Critical)

Q: What position and controls must be established before attempting the bow and arrow choke safely?

A: Starting position must be Back Control (S005) with both hooks in and seatbelt or collar control. Required controls: (1) Deep collar grip (4+ fingers deep in opponent’s left collar), (2) Opponent’s right leg controlled (pants/belt/ankle grip), (3) Back control maintained with at least one hook, (4) Balance secured on posting leg, (5) Body angle capable of rotating perpendicular to opponent, (6) Partner awareness that bow and arrow is being attempted and tap signals are clear. Safety verification includes ensuring partner has free hand to tap and collar grip is deep (not high on neck).

Why It Matters: Attempting bow and arrow without proper setup leads to forcing the position with explosive leg extension, which dramatically increases neck injury risk. Proper setup makes the finish inevitable and safe.

Question 2: Technical Execution (Mechanics)

Q: What creates the pressure in this technique, and what is the primary target?

A: Pressure is created by: (1) Collar grip pulling laterally and back (compresses right carotid), (2) Your torso/ribs pressing against left side of opponent’s neck (compresses left carotid), (3) Extended leg across hip creating leveraging system, (4) Perpendicular body angle creating “bow shape” that combines rotation and compression, (5) Progressive leg extension over 2-3 seconds. Primary target is bilateral carotid arteries on both sides of the neck. The technique works by combining rotational twisting force with compression force - the collar chokes one side while your body presses the other side, and the leg extension provides massive mechanical advantage.

Why It Matters: Understanding that this is a combined rotational and compression submission explains why progressive application is critical. The forces multiply each other, requiring extra control.

Question 3: Safety Understanding (CRITICAL)

Q: How fast should the leg be extended in training, what are the proper tap signals, and what happens if the submission is held after tap?

A:

Leg Extension Speed:

  • Drilling: EXTRA SLOW (3-4 seconds for leg extension alone), stop at partial extension
  • Light rolling: SLOW (2-3 seconds for leg extension), stop at 60-70% extension
  • Hard rolling: MODERATE (2-3 seconds leg extension), continue to tap
  • Competition: FAST (1-2 seconds), continue to tap or unconsciousness

Application Speed Total:

  • Drilling: 7-10 seconds total from setup to tap
  • Light rolling: 5-7 seconds total
  • Competition: 2-3 seconds total

Tap Signals:

  • Physical tap with free hand on opponent’s leg, body, or mat (multiple taps)
  • Physical tap with feet on opponent or mat
  • Verbal “tap” or “tap tap tap”
  • Any indication of distress (color change dramatically, eyes rolling, body going limp)

Holding After Tap:

  • Loss of consciousness occurs 3-8 seconds after full pressure
  • Neck strain and cervical spine stress from continued twisting
  • Brain damage possible if held 20-30+ seconds
  • Complete breach of training trust
  • Can result in being asked to leave academy

Release Protocol:

  1. Release collar grip immediately (right hand lets go)
  2. Stop leg extension immediately (release pushing force)
  3. Straighten opponent’s body (remove twisting)
  4. Release leg control
  5. Check partner for 10-15 seconds (consciousness, neck pain, breathing)

Why It Matters: The bow and arrow is unique because it combines TWO dangerous forces (rotation + compression). This makes progressive application even more critical than other submissions. Understanding this prevents serious injuries.

Question 4: Defense Awareness (Tactical)

Q: What is the best defense against this submission, and when must it be executed? At what point is tapping the only safe option?

A:

Best Defense: Early collar strip - before collar grip gets deep (4+ fingers), use both hands to strip attacker’s hand out of collar, maintain defensive hand position protecting neck. Success rate: 55% if executed immediately as attacker attempts collar grip.

Timing Window: Must be executed during setup phase, before collar is deep AND before leg is controlled. Once collar is deep (4+ fingers behind neck), escape success drops to 40%. Once leg is controlled and beginning to extend, escape rate drops to 30%. Once leg is fully extended and bow shape is formed, escape rate drops to near 0%.

Tap Decision Point: When leg is fully extended across hip, body is perpendicular (bow shape formed), and collar grip is deep. At this point, no reliable escape exists. Additional indicators to tap:

  • Both carotid arteries under pressure
  • Body twisted into bow shape with no ability to rotate
  • Pressure building rapidly on both sides of neck
  • Beginning to feel lightheaded or vision narrowing
  • Attacker has achieved 90-degree perpendicular angle

Physical Indicators to Tap:

  • Bow shape clearly formed (your body is bent backward)
  • Leg extension prevents any hip rotation
  • Collar tight across neck with no slack
  • Pressure on both sides of neck simultaneously
  • Any feeling of lightheadedness

Why It Matters: The bow and arrow is one of the highest percentage submissions once locked - recognizing when to tap prevents unconsciousness and neck injury. Smart grapplers tap to position, not to pain.

Question 5: Anatomical Knowledge (Technical)

Q: What specific anatomical structures are targeted, and what injuries can occur if pressure continues after the tap?

A:

Primary Target: Bilateral common carotid arteries on both sides of neck. Right carotid compressed by collar grip pulling laterally; left carotid compressed by attacker’s torso/ribs pressing forward. These vessels carry oxygenated blood from heart to brain.

Secondary Targets: Cervical spine (vertebrae C1-C7) under rotational and extension stress from bow shape.

Mechanism: Compression of carotid arteries reduces blood flow to brain. Combined with twisting pressure on cervical spine. Baroreceptors in carotid sense pressure, signal brain stem, which can further reduce blood pressure. Combined effect causes rapid decrease in brain oxygen.

Unconsciousness Timeline: 3-8 seconds from full pressure (bow shape locked, leg fully extended) to loss of consciousness

Injuries If Held After Tap:

  • Continued unconsciousness (immediate)
  • Neck strain from combined twisting and compression (days to weeks recovery)
  • Cervical spine stress from rotation + extension forces (days to weeks recovery)
  • Potential petechiae (small burst blood vessels in eyes/face)
  • Temporary cognitive impairment upon waking
  • If held 20-30 seconds: Risk of minor brain damage
  • If held 1-2 minutes: Risk of serious brain damage
  • If held 3-5+ minutes: Risk of death

Unique Risk Factor: Unlike straight compression chokes (RNC), bow and arrow adds rotational force on cervical spine, creating additional injury mechanism beyond consciousness loss.

Why It Matters: Understanding that this submission targets BOTH consciousness (carotid compression) AND neck structure (cervical rotation) creates appropriate respect. This is why progressive application is mandatory.

Question 6: Release Protocol (Safety Critical)

Q: What is the immediate action required when partner taps, and how do you safely release this submission?

A:

Immediate Action: STOP ALL PRESSURE IMMEDIATELY upon feeling or hearing any tap signal. This means stopping BOTH collar pull AND leg extension simultaneously.

Release Steps:

  1. Release Collar Grip: Let go of collar immediately with right hand (0.5 seconds)
  2. Stop Leg Extension: Cease pushing with extended leg, begin pulling leg back (0.5 seconds)
  3. Release Leg Control: Let go of controlled leg with left hand (0.5 seconds)
  4. Straighten Opponent’s Body: Remove twisting pressure by relaxing your body angle (1 second)
  5. Return to Back Control or Separate: Move to neutral position (1 second)
  6. Monitor Partner: Watch partner’s face, consciousness, breathing for 10-15 seconds
  7. Verbal Check: Ask “You good?” “Neck okay?” and wait for clear response
  8. Observe: Watch for full color return, clear eyes, normal breathing, no neck pain

What to Watch For After Release:

  • Partner’s color returning to normal (face was red/purple → normal)
  • Partner’s consciousness (alert, making eye contact, responding verbally)
  • Partner’s breathing (regular, not gasping or struggling)
  • Neck mobility (partner able to turn head without pain)
  • Any signs of confusion or disorientation
  • Rare: If partner went unconscious, elevate legs, monitor breathing, call for help if not recovering within 10-15 seconds

Total Release Time: 3-4 seconds from tap to full separation and body straightening

Bow and Arrow Specific Concerns:

  • Must release BOTH collar grip AND leg extension - releasing only one still maintains dangerous pressure
  • Check partner’s neck specifically - ask about neck pain or discomfort
  • The twisting component means partner may have neck soreness even from proper application

Why It Matters: The bow and arrow creates combined compression and rotational forces. Proper release requires removing BOTH components immediately. Failing to release the leg extension while releasing the collar (or vice versa) still maintains dangerous pressure. This is different from straight chokes where releasing the primary grip is sufficient.

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“Master the bow and arrow choke in BJJ. Complete guide covering safe setup from back control, gi collar grips, leg extension mechanics, defenses, and injury prevention. Learn proper application speed (3-5 seconds), tap signals, and release protocol. Step-by-step instructions for all skill levels with expert insights from Danaher, Gordon Ryan, and Eddie Bravo.”

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  • Variations: “sagittal choke”, “bow and arrow strangle”, “twisting collar choke”

Internal Linking (Minimum 3-5)

Remember: The bow and arrow choke is a powerful gi submission that combines rotational and compression forces on the neck. Train it with extra respect for your partner’s cervical spine and consciousness. Gradual leg extension and immediate release upon tap are non-negotiable safety requirements.

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