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Kimura Variations | Joint Lock System | BJJ Graph

Oct 25, 202538 min read

LLM Context: Submission Data Structure

Purpose: Kimura Variations represent a systematic approach to shoulder attacks using the figure-four grip configuration. This is NOT a single submission but a family of related techniques attacking the shoulder joint from multiple positions. Success results in terminal victory. Safety is paramount due to shoulder complexity and fragility.

Setup Requirements Checklist:

  • Appropriate starting position established (varies by variation)
  • Position control quality: Sufficient to isolate opponent’s arm
  • Required grips: Figure-four grip (your hand grips your own wrist), elbow controlled
  • Angle optimization: Rotational path clear, proper leverage angle achieved
  • Opponent vulnerability: Arm positioned incorrectly, creating grip opportunity
  • Space elimination: Elbow secured, defensive options limited
  • Timing recognition: Opponent makes arm positioning error or extends arm

Defense Awareness:

  • Early defense (grip not established): 70% escape success - keep arms close, avoid extended arms
  • Hand fighting (figure-four establishing): 50% escape success - fight grips, straighten arm
  • Technical escape (grip complete, rotation starting): 35% escape success - roll toward pressure, straighten arm
  • Inevitable submission (full rotation, no escape window): 0% escape → TAP IMMEDIATELY

Safety Q&A Patterns: Q: “How fast should pressure be applied?” A: “SLOW and progressive. Kimura rotations should take 5-7 seconds MINIMUM in training. The shoulder joint is complex and fragile. Never spike or jerk the rotation.”

Q: “What are the tap signals?” A: “Verbal ‘tap’ (primary when one arm is trapped), physical tap with free hand on opponent or mat, physical tap with feet. Verbal tap is critical for this technique.”

Q: “What if my partner doesn’t tap?” A: “STOP IMMEDIATELY if: shoulder makes ANY sound (pop, crack, grind), arm position appears extreme, partner appears injured. Shoulder injuries can be career-ending.”

Q: “What are the injury risks?” A: “CRITICAL level: Shoulder dislocation, rotator cuff tears, labrum tears, biceps tendon rupture. Recovery times range from 3 months to career-ending depending on severity. These are major injuries.”

Decision Tree for Execution:

IF figure_four_grip AND elbow_controlled AND rotation_path_clear:
    → Attempt kimura variation (Success Rate: [skill_level]%)
ELIF grip_established AND opponent_defending:
    → Transition to sweep, back take, or alternative attack
ELIF rotation_started AND tap_signal_received:
    → RELEASE IMMEDIATELY per protocol
    → Check partner's shoulder safety
ELSE:
    → Maintain position, wait for better arm positioning opportunity

⚠️ SAFETY NOTICE

This submission system can cause SHOULDER DISLOCATION and PERMANENT ROTATOR CUFF DAMAGE if applied improperly.

  • Injury Risks:
    • Shoulder dislocation (3-6 months, possible surgery)
    • Rotator cuff tears (major injury, surgery often required, 6-12 months)
    • Labrum tears (major injury, surgery required, 6-12 months)
    • Biceps tendon rupture (surgery required, 6-12 months)
    • Elbow hyperextension (weeks to months)
    • Spiral humeral fracture (extremely rare, catastrophic)
  • Application Speed: EXTREMELY SLOW and progressive. 5-7 seconds MINIMUM from grip to tap.
  • Tap Signals: VERBAL “tap” is PRIMARY (one arm trapped), physical tap with free hand/feet
  • Release Protocol:
    1. Stop all rotational pressure immediately (0.5 seconds)
    2. Release figure-four grip slowly - don’t drop arm suddenly (1 second)
    3. Guide arm back to neutral position at body’s side (2 seconds)
    4. Check partner’s shoulder and elbow range of motion
    5. Ask “Shoulder okay? Elbow okay?” and verify full response
  • Training Requirement: Beginner acceptable with extensive supervision for basic variations
  • Never: Apply explosive rotational force, continue after hearing joint sounds, practice on injured shoulders, skip progression through variations

Remember: The shoulder is the most complex and mobile joint in the human body. This mobility comes at the cost of stability. Kimura grip creates mechanical advantage that can destroy shoulder structures. Your training partner’s shoulder is in your control. Respect this responsibility absolutely.

Overview

The Kimura is not a single submission but a comprehensive system of shoulder attacks built around the figure-four grip configuration. Named after Masahiko Kimura (who famously broke Helio Gracie’s arm with this technique in 1951), the kimura system has evolved into one of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu’s most versatile attacking frameworks.

The fundamental concept is simple: establish a figure-four grip on the opponent’s arm (your right hand grips your left wrist, creating a “closed loop” around their arm), control their elbow, and apply rotational pressure toward their back. However, this basic concept spawns dozens of variations depending on starting position, angle of attack, and tactical objective.

What makes the kimura system unique is its dual nature - it functions both as a submission finish AND as a control position that enables sweeps, back takes, and transitions. From guard, the kimura can sweep. From side control, it can submit or create guard passing opportunities. From half guard, it opens pathways to back control. This versatility makes kimura grip mastery essential for modern BJJ.

The system exemplifies the principle that technical knowledge compounds - understanding one variation provides frameworks for learning others. However, this same versatility creates safety challenges - each variation has unique injury patterns and requires specific safety protocols.

Submission Properties

From Multiple Positions:

Success Rates (averaged across variations):

  • Beginner: 25% (grip acquisition challenging, multiple setups to learn)
  • Intermediate: 45% (better grip speed, understanding variation selection)
  • Advanced: 65% (seamless integration, high-level tactical application)

Technical Characteristics:

  • Setup Complexity: Medium - figure-four grip straightforward, position-specific setups vary
  • Execution Speed: Slow - 5-7 seconds from grip completion to tap in training
  • Escape Difficulty: Medium - defenses exist but require technical knowledge
  • Damage Potential: CRITICAL - can cause permanent shoulder and elbow damage
  • Target Area: Shoulder joint (primary), elbow joint (secondary)

Visual Finishing Sequence

Standard Kimura from Side Control (Representative Example)

With the opponent flat on their back and you in side control on their right side, you have established the figure-four grip on their right arm. Your right hand grips your left wrist, creating a closed loop around their forearm. Your left hand grips their right wrist. Their elbow is bent approximately 90 degrees and controlled by your chest and right armpit.

Your weight is distributed to prevent their movement. You begin to rotate their arm - their hand moves toward the back of their head, creating internal rotation of the shoulder joint. The rotation continues progressively, slowly, steadily. Their shoulder joint reaches end range of motion. The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) are stretched beyond comfortable range.

Your opponent experiences increasing pressure deep in their shoulder joint, feeling the rotation approaching structural limits. Their elbow feels locked and controlled. Recognizing the submission is inevitable and their shoulder is in danger, they tap rapidly with their left hand on your body or mat, or shout “TAP TAP TAP” verbally.

You immediately stop all rotational movement, carefully release the figure-four grip, and guide their arm back to a neutral position at their side. You ask “Shoulder okay?” and watch them test range of motion.

Body Positioning (Side Control Variation):

  • Your position: Side control, weight distributed, figure-four grip established, elbow controlled by armpit/chest, knees creating base
  • Opponent’s position: Flat on back, right arm isolated in figure-four, elbow bent, limited mobility
  • Key pressure points: Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) via internal rotation, elbow joint (controlled position)
  • Leverage creation: Your upper body + arms create rotational force against shoulder joint that has limited rotation resistance

Setup Requirements

Conditions that must be satisfied before attempting (general principles across variations):

  1. Position Establishment: Appropriate position for specific variation (varies: guard, side control, half guard, etc.)

  2. Control Points:

    • Opponent’s arm isolated and accessible
    • Figure-four grip established (your hand grips your wrist)
    • Opponent’s elbow controlled (by armpit, chest, or legs depending on variation)
    • Base established to prevent counter-movements
    • Opponent’s other arm controlled or unable to defend effectively

  3. Angle Creation:

    • Clear rotational path toward opponent’s back
    • Proper angle relative to their body for effective rotation
    • Space to complete rotation without obstruction
    • Your body positioned to prevent defensive rolling

  4. Grip Acquisition:

    • Opponent’s wrist controlled with one hand
    • Other hand reaches under/over their forearm
    • Your hand grips your own wrist (figure-four complete)
    • Grip tight enough to prevent slippage but not crushing
    • Elbow secured before applying rotational pressure

  5. Space Elimination:

    • Opponent cannot straighten arm easily (elbow control critical)
    • Defensive frames eliminated or controlled
    • Opponent’s mobility limited by position and your base
    • Clear commitment to grip - half-grips are dangerous

  6. Timing Recognition:

    • Opponent extends arm incorrectly (reaching, posting, framing)
    • Opponent makes positional error creating grip opportunity
    • Transitioning between positions with arm exposed
    • Opponent focused on other defense, arm vulnerable

  7. Safety Verification:

    • Partner aware of shoulder injury risks
    • Verbal tap signal clearly established
    • Partner’s free limbs able to tap
    • Instructor present for supervision (beginners)
    • Partner’s shoulder and elbow joints healthy (no previous injuries)

Position Quality Required: Position must be stable enough to establish and maintain grip. Attempting kimura from unstable positions leads to grip loss and potential injury during grip fighting.

Execution Steps

SAFETY REMINDER: Apply pressure EXTREMELY SLOWLY over 5-7 seconds minimum. Watch opponent’s shoulder and elbow throughout. Listen for any joint sounds. VERBAL TAP is primary signal.

Step-by-Step Execution (Side Control Kimura - Representative Example)

  1. Initial Grip (Setup Phase)

    • From side control on opponent’s right side
    • Opponent’s right arm is framing against your chest or reaching for underhook
    • Grip their right wrist with your left hand
    • Reach your right hand under/over their forearm
    • Your right hand grips your own left wrist (figure-four complete)
    • Safety check: Ensure partner knows verbal tap signal, verify shoulder is healthy

  2. Position Adjustment (Alignment Phase)

    • Pull their arm slightly away from their body (creating space)
    • Ensure their elbow is bent approximately 90 degrees
    • Your right armpit or chest controls their elbow position
    • Adjust your base (knees wide) to prevent them rolling toward you
    • Partner check: Confirm they can tap verbally or with free hand

  3. Pressure Initiation (Entry Phase)

    • Begin rotating their arm slowly - their hand moves toward back of their head
    • Movement is internal rotation of shoulder (hand goes back and up)
    • Maintain elbow control throughout - don’t let elbow slide
    • Speed: SLOW controlled rotation (1-2 inches per second maximum)
    • Watch for: Any resistance increase, shoulder positioning, tap signals

  4. Progressive Tightening (Execution Phase)

    • Continue slow rotation over 3-5 seconds
    • Feel for increasing resistance from shoulder joint
    • Maintain figure-four grip tightly but don’t crush
    • Keep their elbow bent throughout (don’t let arm straighten)
    • Monitor: Shoulder angle, arm position, partner’s face for distress
    • Listen: For any joint sounds (clicks, pops, grinds)

  5. Final Adjustment (Completion Phase)

    • Micro-adjust rotation for maximum pressure
    • Ensure elbow hasn’t slipped from control position
    • Maintain your base preventing defensive rolls
    • Continue slow progressive rotation
    • Critical: WATCH FOR TAP continuously - partner may have only seconds
    • Feel: Shoulder resistance increasing toward endpoint

  6. Submission Recognition & Release (Finish/Safety Phase)

    • LISTEN FOR: Verbal “TAP TAP TAP” (primary signal)
    • FEEL FOR: Hand tapping your body/arm, foot tapping mat
    • RELEASE IMMEDIATELY:
      • STOP all rotational movement instantly (0.5 seconds)
      • Slowly release figure-four grip (don’t drop arm) (1 second)
      • Guide their arm back to neutral position at their side (2 seconds)
      • Do NOT let arm drop or fall suddenly
    • Post-submission:
      • Ask immediately: “Shoulder okay? Elbow okay? Any pain?”
      • Visually check shoulder for abnormality
      • Have partner demonstrate range of motion slowly:
        • Raise arm overhead
        • Rotate arm internally (hand to opposite shoulder)
        • Rotate arm externally (hand away from body)
      • Watch for any wincing, limitation, or hesitation
      • If ANY concern: stop training, ice, medical evaluation

Total Execution Time in Training: Minimum 5-7 seconds from figure-four grip complete to tap. In drilling, apply even slower (10-15 seconds) to develop sensitivity to shoulder resistance.

CRITICAL NOTE: Different kimura variations require different rotation directions and angles. Side control kimura rotates toward their back. Guard kimura may rotate backward or upward. Half guard kimura combines rotation with elevation. Each variation stresses shoulder differently. Master basic variation before attempting advanced angles.

Anatomical Targeting & Injury Awareness

Primary Target

  • Anatomical Structure: Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) - ball and socket configuration
  • Specific Structures at Risk:
    • Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
    • Shoulder labrum (cartilage ring around shoulder socket)
    • Shoulder capsule (connective tissue envelope)
    • Biceps tendon (long head attachment at shoulder)
    • Ligaments (glenohumeral ligaments, coracoacromial ligament)
  • Pressure Direction: Internal rotation (arm rotated inward toward back) combined with varying degrees of elevation/adduction depending on variation
  • Physiological Response: Shoulder rotates beyond normal range → capsule stretching → ligament strain → muscle stretching → protective muscle contraction → structural failure if continued

Secondary Effects

  • Elbow Stress: Elbow must stay bent; straightening creates hyperextension pressure
  • Wrist Pressure: Grip control can stress wrist, though not primary target
  • Cervical Pressure: Some variations create neck pressure if arm is rotated near head

INJURY RISKS & PREVENTION

Potential Injuries (CRITICAL SEVERITY):

  • Shoulder Dislocation (Anterior):

    • How it occurs: Excessive internal rotation with arm away from body, humeral head pops out of socket anteriorly
    • Severity: MAJOR - 3-6 months recovery, often requires surgery for first-time dislocations, high risk of recurrent dislocations
    • Most common serious injury from kimura
    • Recognition: Severe pain, visible deformity, complete loss of function, arm appears longer

  • Rotator Cuff Tears:

    • How it occurs: Excessive rotation stresses rotator cuff muscles beyond tear threshold
    • Severity: MAJOR - usually requires surgery, 6-12 months recovery, potential permanent weakness
    • Can range from partial tears (moderate recovery) to complete tears (major surgery)
    • Recognition: Deep shoulder pain, weakness with rotation, limited range of motion

  • Labrum Tears (SLAP lesions, Bankart lesions):

    • How it occurs: Rotation combined with pulling force tears cartilage ring
    • Severity: MAJOR - often requires surgery, 6-12 months recovery, potential chronic instability
    • Can create chronic shoulder problems requiring repeat surgeries
    • Recognition: Deep clicking in shoulder, pain with overhead motion, instability sensation

  • Biceps Tendon Rupture (Long Head):

    • How it occurs: Extreme rotation with arm elevated can tear biceps attachment at shoulder
    • Severity: MAJOR - requires surgery if complete, 6-12 months recovery, visible deformity
    • “Popeye deformity” where biceps bunches in middle of arm
    • Recognition: Sudden pop, severe pain, visible bulge in arm, weakness

  • Elbow Hyperextension:

    • How it occurs: If opponent straightens arm during kimura, elbow becomes vulnerable
    • Severity: Moderate to Major - weeks to months recovery depending on severity
    • Secondary injury but still significant
    • Recognition: Elbow pain, swelling, limited extension

  • Shoulder Capsule Tears:

    • How it occurs: Rotational force exceeds capsule elasticity
    • Severity: Moderate - weeks to months recovery, potential chronic instability
    • Can predispose to future dislocations
    • Recognition: Shoulder instability, feeling of looseness, apprehension with movement

Prevention Measures:

  • Apply pressure SLOWLY and progressively (5-7 seconds absolute minimum)
  • NEVER “spike” or “jerk” the kimura with explosive rotation
  • NEVER apply sudden pulling force while rotating
  • Watch opponent’s shoulder angle and arm position continuously
  • Stop at ANY sign of distress (grimacing, resistance change, sounds)
  • STOP at 50-60% rotation in drilling - do NOT wait for tap
  • Verbal check-ins during drilling: “Pressure okay?” “Shoulder good?”
  • Release immediately upon ANY tap signal
  • After release, verify shoulder and elbow integrity with range-of-motion check
  • NEVER practice kimura variations on partners with shoulder or elbow injuries
  • Progress through variations systematically - master basics before advanced angles

Warning Signs to Stop IMMEDIATELY:

  • Opponent’s shoulder makes ANY sound (pop, click, crack, grind)
  • Arm position appears to exceed normal rotation range
  • Opponent’s resistance suddenly changes or stops
  • Opponent grimaces or shows extreme distress
  • Opponent’s free hand frantically searches to tap
  • Opponent’s body tenses rigidly
  • Opponent shouts “STOP” or “TAP”
  • ANY uncertainty about shoulder safety - if in doubt, STOP
  • Shoulder appears to be “rolling” or moving abnormally
  • Your instinct says something is wrong - TRUST IT ALWAYS

Post-Application Safety Check:

  1. Ask immediately: “Shoulder okay? Elbow okay? Any pain at all?”
  2. Visual inspection: Look for deformity, swelling, abnormal positioning
  3. Range of motion test:
    • Overhead reach (flexion/abduction)
    • Internal rotation (hand to opposite shoulder)
    • External rotation (hand away from body)
    • All movements should be smooth, pain-free, symmetrical to other shoulder
  4. Strength test: Light resistance in multiple directions
  5. Pain assessment: “Pain with movement? Pain at rest? Sharp or dull?”
  6. Comparison: Compare to other shoulder for symmetry
  7. If ANY concern: STOP TRAINING, apply ice, seek medical evaluation immediately

Kimura Variations by Position

Variation 1: Kimura from Closed Guard Bottom

Starting Position: Closed Guard Bottom (S015)

Setup:

  • Opponent postures up with straight arms
  • Grab one wrist, pull it across their centerline
  • Open guard, swing leg over their back
  • Establish figure-four grip on controlled arm
  • Opponent’s elbow stays bent

Finish Options:

  • Submission: Rotate arm toward their back while controlling elbow with your legs
    • Success Rate: Beginner 30%, Intermediate 50%, Advanced 65%
  • Sweep: If they defend by straightening arm, sweep them over defending arm
    • Leads to top position or mount
  • Back Take: If they roll to defend rotation, take back control

Safety Notes:

  • Guard position provides less control than top positions
  • Opponent can roll to defend - maintain grip or release safely
  • Rotation angle is different - toward ceiling rather than mat

Variation 2: Kimura from Side Control Top

Starting Position: Side Control (S020)

Setup:

  • Opponent frames or reaches for underhook
  • Trap their arm in figure-four grip
  • Control elbow with your armpit or chest
  • Establish base to prevent roll

Finish Options:

  • Submission: Rotate arm toward their back, maintain elbow control
    • Success Rate: Beginner 35%, Intermediate 55%, Advanced 70%
    • Highest control variation - best for beginners
  • Guard Pass: If they defend by turning toward you, use grip to complete pass
  • Position Maintenance: Kimura grip creates excellent control even without finish

Safety Notes:

  • Highest control variation - safest for learning
  • Clear rotation path - fewer angle complications
  • Watch for defensive roll toward you

Variation 3: Kimura from Half Guard Bottom

Starting Position: Half Guard Bottom (S030)

Setup:

  • Opponent attempts to flatten you or cross-face
  • Swim underhook on far side
  • Reach over their back, grab their near-side wrist
  • Establish figure-four grip (your underhook hand grips your top hand’s wrist)

Finish Options:

  • Sweep: Most common - roll them over trapped arm to top position
    • Success Rate: Beginner 40%, Intermediate 60%, Advanced 75%
  • Back Take: If they defend sweep by basing, take back
  • Submission: Finish kimura from top after sweep completes

Safety Notes:

  • This is more sweep than submission in most cases
  • Finish submission from top after sweep
  • Rolling action can create unexpected angles - control throughout

Variation 4: Reverse Kimura (From Behind)

Starting Position: Back Control or Turtle Top

Setup:

  • Opponent turtles or you have back control
  • Trap one arm in figure-four grip
  • Arm rotates in opposite direction (external rotation instead of internal)

Finish Options:

  • Submission: Rotate arm away from their back (external rotation)
    • Success Rate: Beginner 20%, Intermediate 35%, Advanced 55%
  • Roll to Back Mount: Use grip to roll them to back mount
  • Transition: Switch to other attacks if defended

Safety Notes:

  • DIFFERENT rotation direction - external rotation instead of internal
  • Attacks different shoulder structures (posterior capsule)
  • Less common variation - requires understanding of shoulder anatomy

Variation 5: Standing Kimura

Starting Position: Standing/Clinch Position

Setup:

  • Opponent extends arm to frame or grip
  • Establish figure-four grip while standing
  • Control posture and base

Finish Options:

  • Takedown: Use kimura grip to force them to ground
    • Success Rate: Beginner 25%, Intermediate 45%, Advanced 60%
  • Submission: Finish after takedown
  • Control: Maintain grip dominance in standing exchanges

Safety Notes:

  • Takedowns with kimura grip create slam risk
  • Control descent carefully
  • Finish on ground, not while standing

Variation 6: Kimura Trap System

Starting Position: Half Guard Bottom with specific grips

Setup:

  • Establish kimura grip from half guard
  • Use grip as control position, not immediate submission
  • Create dilemmas: if they defend grip, sweep; if they defend sweep, submit

Tactical Framework:

  • Grip creates branching attack tree
  • Multiple attacks from single control position
  • Opponent’s defenses create new opportunities

Safety Notes:

  • System emphasizes control over submission
  • Less injury risk due to control focus
  • Still requires proper finish protocols when submitting

Expert Insights

John Danaher Perspective

“The kimura is not a technique - it is a system. The figure-four grip configuration creates a mechanical advantage that enables both offensive finishing and positional control. What separates elite kimura practitioners from intermediates is understanding that the grip itself is more valuable than any single finish. When you establish the kimura grip, you have created a control position with multiple branching options: submission finish, sweep, back take, or continued control. The opponent must defend all pathways simultaneously, creating decision-making overload. From a pure submission mechanics perspective, the kimura attacks the shoulder joint through internal rotation combined with varying degrees of abduction or adduction depending on your variation. The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body, which makes it both versatile and vulnerable. This vulnerability demands respect - excessive rotational force can cause catastrophic shoulder injuries including dislocation and rotator cuff tears. In training, your goal is to achieve the grip with such control that your partner recognizes the inevitability of the finish and taps to the position quality. The actual rotation to structural failure is unnecessary and dangerous in training environments. Release pressure immediately upon tap, and systematically verify shoulder integrity post-application.”

Key Technical Detail: Kimura is a system, not a single technique - grip creates control position with multiple offensive pathways

Safety Emphasis: Danaher’s systematic approach emphasizes grip control and position quality over forceful finishing, with shoulder vulnerability requiring extreme respect

Gordon Ryan Perspective

“The kimura grip is probably my most-used control position in competition. I use it to break people’s posture, to sweep them, to transition to back takes, and occasionally to finish the submission itself. Here’s the thing about kimura submissions in modern high-level competition: they’re relatively rare as finishes because everyone knows to defend them. But that doesn’t make the kimura less valuable - it makes it more valuable because the grip creates so many other opportunities. When I grab the kimura grip from half guard, I’m not thinking ‘I’m going to tap them with kimura’ - I’m thinking ‘I’m going to use this grip to get on top, take the back, or create enough problems that they make bigger mistakes.’ In training, I establish kimura grips constantly but I almost never finish the actual submission. Why? Because rotating my training partners’ shoulders to structural failure doesn’t help me improve - it just means I have fewer healthy training partners next week. In competition, if someone doesn’t tap to a locked kimura, I’ll finish it, but that’s competition. Training is different. Your training partners’ shoulders are not expendable resources for your ego.”

Competition Application: Ryan uses kimura grip as positional control and attack branching system more than finish - finish is one of many options

Training Modification: Establish grip mastery and transitional skills in training; reserve forceful finishing for competition when necessary

Eddie Bravo Perspective

“The kimura is everywhere in 10th Planet system. We’ve got kimura traps, kimura sweeps, kimura rolls to back, kimura finishes from every position you can imagine. But here’s what makes kimura variations work at high levels: understanding that different angles attack different shoulder structures. The standard kimura from side control attacks the anterior shoulder capsule. The reverse kimura from behind attacks posterior capsule. The kimura from guard with elevation attacks the superior labrum. Each variation has different injury patterns and different finish mechanics. Be creative with entries, be systematic with finishes, be religious about safety. My students drill kimura variations constantly because the grip is fundamental to our entire system, but we drill with ‘position tap’ protocol - partner taps when grip is locked and angle is set, before any forceful rotation happens. You want to get good at kimuras? Get good at establishing the grip under resistance, get good at maintaining the grip during transitions, get good at recognizing which variation to use from which position. The actual shoulder rotation to injury is the last and least important part of the technique. Master the system, and the submissions take care of themselves.”

Innovation Focus: 10th Planet system explores kimura applications from all positions and angles, with deep understanding of anatomical variations

Safety Non-Negotiable: Bravo’s culture demands grip mastery and position control with “position tap protocol” - forceful finishing only when absolutely necessary in competition

Common Errors

Technical Errors

Error 1: Incomplete Figure-Four Grip

  • Mistake: Gripping your wrist loosely or incorrectly, creating weak connection
  • Why it fails: Opponent can break grip or slip arm free, lost control and wasted opportunity
  • Correction: Your hand must grip your wrist firmly, creating closed loop that won’t open under pressure
  • Safety impact: Weak grip leads to grip fighting and rushed re-establishment, increasing injury risk

Error 2: Failing to Control Opponent’s Elbow

  • Mistake: Allowing their elbow to move freely or slide out of control position
  • Why it fails: If elbow isn’t controlled, opponent can straighten arm (removing rotation pressure) or adjust angle
  • Correction: Elbow must be secured by armpit, chest, or legs depending on variation
  • Safety impact: Uncontrolled elbow can suddenly straighten, creating hyperextension risk

Error 3: Wrong Rotation Direction

  • Mistake: Rotating arm in wrong direction for the variation (e.g., external rotation when internal is correct)
  • Why it fails: Attacking wrong shoulder structures reduces effectiveness dramatically
  • Correction: Learn proper rotation direction for each variation - most kimuras use internal rotation (hand toward back)
  • Safety impact: Wrong rotation can attack structures differently, creating unexpected injury patterns

Error 4: Insufficient Base

  • Mistake: Poor base allows opponent to roll toward you, countering the kimura
  • Why it fails: Defensive roll can sweep you or escape their arm from grip
  • Correction: Establish wide base with knees, prevent rolling by weight distribution
  • Safety impact: Unexpected rolls during grip create uncontrolled forces on shoulder

Error 5: Forcing Against Defensive Straightening

  • Mistake: Opponent straightens arm defensively, you try to bend it back with force
  • Why it fails: Attempting to bend straight arm against resistance is low-percentage and high-risk
  • Correction: If arm straightens, transition to different attack (sweep, back take) or release and reset
  • Safety impact: Forcing bent position can cause elbow hyperextension or biceps tears

SAFETY ERRORS (CRITICAL)

DANGER: Explosive Rotational Force

  • Mistake: Jerking or spiking rotational pressure to finish kimura quickly
  • Why dangerous: Shoulder has no time to signal pain before structural damage occurs
  • Injury risk: SHOULDER DISLOCATION, ROTATOR CUFF TEARS, LABRUM TEARS (3-12 months recovery minimum)
  • Correction: Rotation must be PROGRESSIVE over 5-7 seconds minimum in training
  • This is the most common cause of serious shoulder injuries from kimuras

DANGER: Ignoring Tap Signals

  • Mistake: Continuing rotation after feeling tap or hearing verbal “tap”
  • Why dangerous: Shoulder structures have very low tolerance for over-rotation - even 0.5 seconds of continued pressure after tap can cause injury
  • Injury risk: UNNECESSARY SHOULDER DAMAGE, complete breach of trust, potential career-ending injury
  • Correction: STOP immediately upon ANY tap signal - verbal or physical
  • Shoulders are fragile - respect tap instantly

DANGER: Combined Pulling + Rotation

  • Mistake: Pulling arm away from body while rotating (adding distraction to rotation)
  • Why dangerous: Combined forces multiply injury risk - attacks multiple shoulder structures simultaneously
  • Injury risk: ANTERIOR DISLOCATION (major injury, 3-6 months minimum)
  • Correction: Rotate without significant pulling force - rotation alone is sufficient for submission
  • Pulling + rotating = highest dislocation risk combination

DANGER: Competition Speed in Drilling

  • Mistake: Applying kimura variations at competition speed (1-2 second rotation) during drilling or light rolling
  • Why dangerous: Partner not defending at full intensity, shoulder cannot protect itself, no time to tap safely
  • Injury risk: Rotator cuff tears, shoulder dislocation, labrum tears
  • Correction: Match speed to context - drilling stops at grip position (0% rotation), rolling has 5-7 second rotation minimum
  • Save fast rotations for competition - training partners’ shoulders are not expendable

DANGER: Continuing After Shoulder Sounds

  • Mistake: Hearing shoulder pop/click/crack/grind but continuing rotational pressure
  • Why dangerous: Sound indicates structural stress or failure - continued pressure guarantees serious injury
  • Injury risk: COMPLETE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS, DISLOCATION, LABRUM DESTRUCTION
  • Correction: STOP IMMEDIATELY if shoulder makes ANY sound - release pressure, check injury
  • Shoulder sounds are emergency signals - they mean STOP immediately

DANGER: No Verbal Tap Signal Established

  • Mistake: Not establishing verbal “tap” signal before drilling kimura variations
  • Why dangerous: Opponent’s trapped arm cannot tap physically - physical tap may be impossible
  • Injury risk: Opponent cannot signal submission, goes to structural failure
  • Correction: ALWAYS establish verbal “tap” signal before drilling - “If you can’t tap physically, yell TAP”
  • Verbal tap is PRIMARY signal for kimuras - physical tap is backup

DANGER: Training on Injured Shoulders

  • Mistake: Practicing kimura variations with partner who has existing shoulder injury, instability, or pain
  • Why dangerous: Already-compromised shoulder has dramatically reduced structural integrity - injury risk multiplied 5-10x
  • Injury risk: Converting minor injury to major injury requiring surgery, creating chronic instability
  • Correction: NEVER practice kimuras on injured shoulders - choose different techniques until full recovery confirmed by medical professional
  • Pre-existing shoulder injury + kimura rotation = extremely high probability of serious damage

DANGER: Skipping Variation Progression

  • Mistake: Attempting advanced kimura variations (reverse kimura, standing kimura) before mastering basics
  • Why dangerous: Advanced variations attack different shoulder structures with different angles - require experience to apply safely
  • Injury risk: Unexpected injury patterns, structural damage from poor angle selection
  • Correction: Master side control kimura first, then progress through variations systematically over months
  • Variation progression is not optional - it’s essential for safety competency

Training Progressions & Safety Protocols

Safe learning pathway emphasizing grip mastery and control before finishing:

Phase 1: Technical Understanding (Week 1-2)

  • Study kimura grip mechanics without partner
  • Learn figure-four grip establishment on your own arm
  • Understand shoulder anatomy: glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff, labrum
  • Watch instructional videos showing different variations
  • Learn specific injury risks for each variation
  • Study and memorize tap signals, especially VERBAL tap importance
  • Practice grip establishment on static object (belt, gi)
  • No live application - grip and anatomy visualization only
  • Quiz yourself: How does figure-four work? What creates the pressure? Which direction is internal rotation?

Phase 2: Slow Practice (Week 3-6) - Side Control Kimura Only

  • Controlled application with willing partner
  • Partner provides ZERO resistance
  • Focus: Figure-four grip establishment only
  • NO ROTATION - stop at grip completion and elbow control
  • Partner taps IMMEDIATELY when grip is locked (0% rotation)
  • Practice grip establishment 50+ times before any rotation
  • Speed: SLOW grip acquisition (5+ seconds per repetition)
  • Instructor supervision required for EVERY repetition
  • Verbal communication: “Grip okay?” “Shoulder comfortable?”
  • Goal: Build muscle memory for grip establishment, not finishing

Phase 3: Progressive Resistance (Week 7-12) - Side Control Kimura

  • Partner provides mild resistance to grip establishment
  • Practice maintaining grip against defensive arm straightening
  • Speed: SLOW rotation IF approved by instructor (10-15 seconds rotation)
  • Partner taps at 20-30% rotation (very early)
  • Develop sensitivity to shoulder resistance
  • Emphasize grip control over rotation
  • Practice: If grip feels loose, reset completely
  • Begin learning: “This is what locked grip feels like”
  • Goal: Grip maintenance under light resistance, minimal rotation exposure

Phase 4: Variation Introduction (Month 4-6)

  • Continue side control kimura refinement
  • Begin learning kimura from guard (sweep focus, not submission)
  • Begin learning kimura from half guard (sweep focus)
  • Each new variation starts at Phase 2 (no rotation)
  • Partner taps at grip establishment for new variations
  • Safety maintained as absolute priority
  • Practice: Understand each variation’s mechanics before rotation
  • Goal: Expand variation knowledge while maintaining safety standards

Phase 5: Controlled Rotation Introduction (Month 7-12 - INTERMEDIATE+)

  • Partner provides realistic resistance
  • Recognize optimal grip opportunities
  • Speed: SLOW rotation (5-7 seconds minimum)
  • Partner taps at 40-50% rotation
  • Begin recognizing “locked” position vs. “loose” position
  • Learn to transition when grip is defended (sweep, back take)
  • Instructor observes regularly
  • Goal: Develop finishing capability while maintaining control and safety

Phase 6: System Integration (Year 1+ - ADVANCED)

  • Light rolling integration with kimura grip (50-70% intensity)
  • Proper tap recognition ingrained as reflex
  • Speed: Controlled in training (5-7 seconds minimum rotation)
  • Competition speed ONLY in competition
  • Develop reputation for safe kimura applications
  • Practice: Immediate release is automatic response
  • Begin using kimura grip for control and transitions, not just submissions
  • Goal: Kimura grip becomes positional control tool, submission is one option among many

Phase 7: Teaching Competency (Year 2+ - EXPERT)

  • Full understanding of all major variations
  • Can demonstrate and explain safely
  • Mentor newer students on kimura safety
  • Use kimura grip as primary control system
  • Rarely finish in training - control and transition focus
  • When finishing: perfect safety protocol every time
  • Goal: Mastery means teaching others safely and using system strategically

CRITICAL: Kimura variations should take 6-12 months to progress through safely. The figure-four grip is deceptively simple to establish but the shoulder joint is complex and fragile. Most shoulder injuries from kimuras occur when practitioners progress too quickly through variations or apply rotation speed inappropriately for context.

Training Partner Trust Scale:

  • Months 1-3: Partner must trust you won’t rotate at all
  • Months 4-6: Partner must trust you to rotate minimally
  • Months 7-12: Partner must trust you to stop at first sign of resistance endpoint
  • Year 1+: Partner must trust your system understanding and variation selection
  • Year 2+: You become the person teaching kimura system safely to others

Knowledge Assessment

Test understanding before live application. Minimum 5/6 correct required.

Question 1: System Understanding (Conceptual)

Q: Why is the kimura described as a “system” rather than a single submission? What makes it versatile?

A: The kimura is a system because the figure-four grip creates a control position that enables multiple attacks, not just shoulder submission. From the grip, practitioners can: (1) Finish submission via shoulder rotation, (2) Sweep opponent by controlling trapped arm, (3) Take back if opponent rolls to defend, (4) Maintain dominant control position, (5) Force opponent reactions that create other opportunities. The versatility comes from the figure-four grip creating mechanical advantage and limiting opponent mobility while the attacker retains multiple offensive pathways. Different positions (guard, side control, half guard, etc.) enable different variations of the same fundamental grip concept. Modern high-level competition shows kimura grip is more commonly used for sweeps and transitions than direct submissions, making system understanding more important than pure finishing technique.

Why It Matters: Understanding kimura as system changes training focus from “finish submission” to “control position and create opportunities,” which is both more effective strategically and safer for training partners.

Question 2: Grip Mechanics (Technical)

Q: Explain how to establish the figure-four grip correctly and why each component is essential.

A:

Figure-Four Grip Establishment:

  1. Control opponent’s wrist with one hand (e.g., your left hand grips their right wrist)
  2. Reach your other hand under/over their forearm
  3. Your reaching hand (right) grips your controlling hand’s wrist (left)
  4. Creates “closed loop” or “figure-four” configuration around their arm
  5. Their elbow must be bent approximately 90 degrees and controlled

Why Each Component Matters:

  • Wrist control: Prevents them from pulling arm away or changing angle
  • Figure-four connection: Creates closed loop that won’t open under pressure (stronger than individual grip)
  • Under/over path: Determines which variation you’re establishing (standard vs. reverse)
  • Bent elbow: If elbow is straight, rotation pressure goes to elbow (hyperextension risk) instead of shoulder
  • Elbow control: Without controlling elbow position, opponent can adjust angle and escape

Common Grip Errors:

  • Gripping opponent’s arm instead of your own wrist (weak, breaks under pressure)
  • Allowing their elbow to straighten (changes target from shoulder to elbow)
  • Loose connection between your hands (grip can be broken)

Why It Matters: Proper grip is foundation of entire system. Without correct grip, technique fails and safety is compromised. Spend months perfecting grip before worrying about finishes.

Question 3: Safety Understanding (CRITICAL)

Q: What are the major injury risks from kimura variations, how fast should rotation be applied in training, and what is the release protocol?

A:

Major Injury Risks:

  • Shoulder dislocation: 3-6 months recovery, surgery possible, high recurrence risk
  • Rotator cuff tears: Major injury, surgery often required, 6-12 months recovery
  • Labrum tears: Major injury, surgery required, 6-12 months recovery, chronic instability
  • Biceps tendon rupture: Surgery required, 6-12 months recovery, visible deformity
  • Shoulder capsule tears: Chronic instability, weeks to months recovery
  • Secondary: Elbow hyperextension if arm straightened during application

Application Speed in Training:

  • Drilling: STOP at grip establishment (0% rotation)
  • Light rolling: 10+ seconds with stop at 20-40% rotation
  • Competition rolling: 5-7 seconds minimum with stop at 50-70% rotation
  • Competition: 1-3 seconds, continue to tap or structural failure

Tap Signals (CRITICAL):

  • VERBAL “TAP TAP TAP” - PRIMARY (trapped arm cannot tap physically)
  • Physical tap with free hand on opponent
  • Physical tap with feet on mat
  • ANY verbal distress signal

Release Protocol:

  1. STOP all rotational movement immediately (0.5 seconds)
  2. Slowly release figure-four grip - maintain control, don’t drop arm (1 second)
  3. Guide arm back to neutral position at body’s side (2 seconds)
  4. Do NOT let arm drop or fall suddenly
  5. Check shoulder and elbow: “Shoulder okay? Elbow okay?”
  6. Range of motion test:
    • Overhead reach
    • Internal rotation (hand to opposite shoulder)
    • External rotation (hand away from body)
    • All should be smooth, pain-free, symmetrical
  7. If ANY concern: stop training, ice, medical evaluation

Warning Signs to Stop:

  • Shoulder makes ANY sound
  • Arm position appears extreme
  • Resistance suddenly changes
  • Partner shows distress
  • ANY uncertainty

Why It Matters: Shoulder is most complex and mobile joint, making it versatile but vulnerable. Kimura creates mechanical advantage that can destroy shoulder structures rapidly. Understanding injury severity and response protocol prevents career-ending damage. Verbal tap is PRIMARY because trapped arm cannot tap physically.

Question 4: Variation Selection (Tactical)

Q: Name three major kimura variations, explain what makes each different, and identify which is safest for beginners.

A:

Major Variations:

  1. Kimura from Side Control:

    • Setup: From top side control, trap opponent’s framing arm
    • Rotation: Internal rotation toward their back
    • Control: Highest - weight on top, elbow controlled by armpit
    • Success: Beginner 35%, Intermediate 55%, Advanced 70%
    • SAFEST FOR BEGINNERS - best control, clearest rotation path

  2. Kimura from Guard Bottom:

    • Setup: From closed guard, trap posted arm
    • Rotation: Internal rotation toward ceiling/back
    • Control: Medium - controlled by legs and hips
    • Success: Beginner 30%, Intermediate 50%, Advanced 65%
    • Often leads to sweep rather than submission finish

  3. Kimura from Half Guard Bottom:

    • Setup: From half guard, establish figure-four with underhook
    • Primary Use: Sweep to top position
    • Control: Lower - more transitional than submission
    • Success: Beginner 40%, Intermediate 60%, Advanced 75% (sweep)
    • Best as sweep, finish submission after gaining top position

Other Important Variations:

  • Reverse Kimura (external rotation from back/turtle)
  • Standing Kimura (primarily for takedowns)
  • Kimura Trap System (control and transitions from half guard)

Why Side Control is Safest for Beginners:

  • Highest control of opponent’s body
  • Clear, simple rotation path
  • Opponent cannot roll easily to defend
  • Your weight provides stability
  • Elbow control is most straightforward
  • Fewer angle complications

Progression Recommendation:

  1. Master side control kimura first (months 1-6)
  2. Add guard kimura focusing on sweep (months 4-9)
  3. Add half guard kimura for sweep (months 6-12)
  4. Advanced variations only after 12+ months: reverse, standing

Why It Matters: Different variations attack shoulder from different angles with different control levels. Beginners attempting advanced variations creates injury risk due to poor angle selection and insufficient control. Systematic progression ensures safety competency before complexity.

Question 5: Defense Awareness (Tactical)

Q: What are the best defenses against kimura at different stages, and at what point is tapping the only safe option?

A:

Defense by Stage:

Stage 1: Prevention (Before grip established - 70% escape):

  • Keep arms close to body, elbows tight
  • Never frame or post with straight arm
  • If arm is grabbed, immediately pull back to body
  • Fight wrist grips aggressively before figure-four completes
  • Best defense: Prevent grip establishment entirely

Stage 2: Grip Fighting (Figure-four establishing - 50% escape):

  • Fight opponent’s hands before they connect
  • Attempt to straighten arm (removes rotation pressure point)
  • Pull elbow toward body
  • Use free hand to break their grip on your wrist
  • Roll away from pressure direction
  • Window: 2-3 seconds before grip locks

Stage 3: Technical Escape (Grip complete, rotation starting - 35% escape):

  • Straighten arm immediately (shifts pressure from shoulder to elbow, buying time)
  • Roll toward pressure direction (some variations)
  • Bridge and turn away from rotation (creates space)
  • Use free hand to push against their control points
  • Window: 1-2 seconds before significant rotation
  • CRITICAL: If escape fails once, tap immediately

Stage 4: Inevitable Submission (Grip locked, significant rotation - 0% escape):

  • TAP IMMEDIATELY - verbal or physical
  • No reliable escape exists
  • Attempting further resistance = injury risk

Physical Indicators to Tap:

  • Figure-four grip is locked tight
  • Your elbow is controlled (can’t straighten arm)
  • Rotation has started and continues despite resistance
  • Feeling pressure deep in shoulder joint
  • Shoulder feeling stretched beyond comfortable range
  • Any sharp sensation in shoulder
  • Beginning to feel “locked” with no adjustment possible

CRITICAL TAP DECISION: Tap when you feel rotation creating pressure in shoulder joint, BEFORE pain begins. By the time you feel pain, you may be very close to structural damage. Tap to the position quality and inevitability, not to pain level.

Why It Matters: Knowing when to tap prevents shoulder injuries that can take 6-12 months to heal and may require surgery. Smart grapplers tap when grip is locked and rotation starts, recognizing the mechanical advantage is overwhelming. Pride is not worth rotator cuff surgery.

Question 6: Release Protocol (Safety Critical)

Q: What is the immediate action required when partner taps to kimura, and how do you safely release? Include post-release verification.

A:

Immediate Action: STOP ALL ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT IMMEDIATELY upon hearing or feeling ANY tap signal.

Release Steps (Total: 3-4 seconds):

  1. Cease Rotation (0.5 seconds):

    • STOP rotating arm instantly
    • Freeze rotation position, no additional movement

  2. Release Grip Slowly (1 second):

    • Slowly release figure-four grip
    • Maintain arm control during release
    • Do NOT drop arm suddenly or let it fall
    • Keep supporting arm as grip opens

  3. Return Arm to Neutral (2 seconds):

    • Guide arm back to neutral position at their side
    • Controlled movement throughout
    • Path should reverse rotation direction
    • Gentle placement, no dropping

  4. Immediate Safety Check:

    • Ask immediately: “Shoulder okay? Elbow okay? Any pain?”
    • Watch partner’s face for pain indicators

Post-Release Safety Verification (15-20 seconds):

  1. Visual Inspection:

    • Look for shoulder deformity or abnormal positioning
    • Check for swelling developing
    • Compare to other shoulder visually for symmetry

  2. Range of Motion Test:

    • Ask partner to slowly raise arm overhead (flexion/abduction)
    • Ask partner to touch opposite shoulder (internal rotation)
    • Ask partner to move hand away from body (external rotation)
    • Ask partner to raise arm to side
    • All movements should be smooth, pain-free, equal to other shoulder

  3. Strength Test (light pressure only):

    • “Push against my hand in each direction”
    • Test multiple angles: up, down, forward, back, rotation
    • Should feel strong, equal to other shoulder
    • Any weakness is concerning

  4. Pain Assessment Questions:

    • “Pain with any movement?”
    • “Pain at rest?”
    • “Sharp or dull pain?”
    • “Deep in shoulder or surface?”
    • “Getting better or worse in last 30 seconds?”

  5. Decision Protocol:

    • No pain + full range + normal strength = Continue cautiously
    • Mild discomfort + full range + normal strength = Rest 5 minutes, ice, reassess
    • Any pain + limited range OR weakness = STOP TRAINING, ice, medical evaluation
    • Significant pain OR visible abnormality = Emergency medical evaluation

Red Flags Requiring Immediate Medical Attention:

  • Visible shoulder deformity (dislocation)
  • Severe pain (8+/10 scale)
  • Complete inability to move shoulder
  • Numbness in arm/hand (nerve injury)
  • Shoulder appears “loose” or unstable
  • Partner heard “pop” or felt “tearing”
  • Rapid swelling development

Why It Matters: Proper release protocol prevents secondary injury during disengagement and enables immediate injury assessment. Shoulders are complex joints where injury severity isn’t always immediately obvious. Systematic checking catches problems early when treatment is most effective. Your release protocol defines your reputation as training partner - careful release shows respect and professionalism.

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“Master kimura variations in BJJ. Comprehensive system guide covering figure-four grip from guard, side control, half guard, and advanced positions. Learn safe setup, rotation mechanics, sweep options, injury prevention, and release protocol. Expert insights from Danaher, Gordon Ryan, and Eddie Bravo.”

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schema_type: "HowTo"
estimated_time: "PT10M"
difficulty: "Intermediate"
supply_needed: ["Gi or No-Gi", "Mat space", "Training partner", "Instructor supervision"]

Steps Derived (Side Control Variation):

  1. Establish side control with opponent on bottom
  2. Opponent frames or reaches - trap their arm
  3. Grip their wrist with your left hand
  4. Reach right hand under their forearm
  5. Your right hand grips your left wrist (figure-four)
  6. Control their elbow with your armpit/chest
  7. Establish wide base with knees
  8. Apply slow rotation toward their back (5-7 seconds)
  9. Release immediately upon tap
  10. Check shoulder and elbow safety

Target Keywords

  • Primary: “bjj kimura”, “kimura variations”, “figure four grip bjj”
  • Secondary: “kimura from guard”, “kimura from side control”, “kimura from half guard”, “how to do kimura”, “kimura tutorial”
  • Long-tail: “kimura defense bjj”, “kimura safety”, “kimura system”, “kimura sweep”, “kimura trap”, “reverse kimura”
  • System keywords: “kimura control position”, “kimura grip system”, “danaher kimura”

Internal Linking (Minimum 3-5)

Remember: The kimura grip is a control system, not just a submission. Master the control and transitions, and the submissions become one option among many. Your training partners’ shoulders are precious - treat them accordingly.

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